JAMĀL UD-DĪN, SAYYID (1838-1897), a name mentioned in connection with the campaign in the 80's of the nineteenth century for the restoration of Mahārājā Duleep Siṅgh to the throne of the Punjab. Born near Kābul in 1838, Jamāl ud-Dīn entered the service of Amīr Dost Muhammad Khān after whose death he got involved in the dynastic wars of succession in Afghanistan, eventually fleeing to India and thence to Cairo. He was a staunch exponent of Pan-Islamism which he declared was the only security for Muslim countries against Western dominance. In 1879 he was deported by the British from Egypt to India for anti-British activities. In 1883, he went to Paris and in 1886 to Russia where he and Mahārājā Duleep Siṅgh came in touch with each other and met together under the patronage of Katkoff, an influential person at the court in Moscow, to plot against the British. Later, the Mahārājā fell out with Jamāl ud-Dīn and publicly repudiated him.